Professeur du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, biologiste, spécialisé en Biologie de la Conservation, dans la conception, l'animation et la valorisation d'observatoire de la biodiversité (projet Vigie Nature), les thèmes de recherche principaux de Romain Julliard portent sur l'homogénéisation fonctionnelle de la biodiversité, ses mécanismes (réorganisation des communautés sous l'effet des changements globaux) et ses applications (construction d'indicateur de biodiversité). Ce savoir-faire en caractérisation de la biodiversité dite ordinaire amène Romain Julliard à s’intéresser à des questions comme repenser les mesures des compensations, la véritable place de la biodiversité dans les services écologiques ou de manière ultime, refonder un contrat social qui tienne compte de notre dépendance à la nature.
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